… DNA to RNA to protein. Which of the following must happen for transcription to be initiated? Thus, the genetic information stored in DNA is expressed through RNA. The DNA sequences of the structural genes and the operator/promoter region are not affected by deletion. Mechanisms that exist to detect and deal with errors in mRNA in order to ensure the accurate transfer of genetic information are collectively referred to as: Which of the following mechanisms specifically allows detection and rapid degradation of mRNA containing a premature termination codon? If the DNA strand 5ʹ-GTACCGTC-3ʹ were used as a template, what would be the sequence of the transcribed RNA? 3.) Key Takeaways Key Points. The spliceosome is a large, ribonucleoprotein complex located in the: The 5 and 3 untranslated regions (UTRs) of processed mRNA molecules are derived from: Which of the following statements about group I and group II introns is NOT true? A promoter is a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates transcription. In addition, ribosomal RNA is the main component of the ribosome, and transfer RNA does the actual translating from nucleotide sequence into amino acidsequence. The word gene refers to the functional unit of the DNA that can be transcribed. In the thyroid gland, cleavage and polyadenylation occur after the fourth exon leading to calcitonin production. (Select all that apply.). in the ______ of transcription you have promoters that signal the initiation of RNA synthesis, transcription factors, transcription initiation complex, and the TATA Box. RNA molecules associate … Which of the following is NOT a common DNA-binding motif? Many of the functions are associated with translation, in which the genetic code of messenger RNA molecules is used to help the ribosomes synthesize a specific protein. Which of the following types of RNA gets translated? In prokaryotes, DNA is not bound to histones. When binding of the inducer to the repressor causes a conformational change, which then prevents the repressor from binding to DNA, the repressor is called a(n) _____ protein. A microbiologist isolated a mutant strain of E. coli that is extremely susceptible to bacteriophage infection, by a wide range of bacteriophages. Which of the following statements BEST explains why only pre-mRNA receives a 5 cap? The genetic code is said to be "degenerate" because: What would be the consequences of a two nucleotide-deletion mutation in the middle of the first exon of a protein-coding gene? What must occur in order for transcription to be initiated? Anticodons are found in _____ molecules. There are _____ different codons, which encode 20 amino acids and 3 stop codons. Which of the following statements regarding gene structure is TRUE? If a mutation prevents the formation of the antiterminator 2+3 loop in the trp operon, what would be the effect? Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the concept of alternative splicing? C) no, the final mRNA contains only … Arrange the following parts and processes of eukaryotic gene expression in chronological order. The physical location of the operator most likely to affect transcription would be, Histones that are tightly wound by DNA and are the basic unit of chromatin are called, The hallmark of multicellular organisms is their ability to. Oh no! Transcription is initiated. The enzyme b-galactosidase acts on lactose to form galactose. Describe how transcription is initiated and proceeds along the DNA strand; Key Points. The result of the transcription of the genes in the presence of a stimulus would generate a: Which of the following is not necessary for RNA polymerase to recognize the promoter of a bacterial gene? What result would you predict? The specific sequence of a promoter is very important because it determines whether the corresponding gene is transcribed all the time, some of the time, or infrequently. What is the function of cAMP in regulation of the lac operon? It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. An mRNA has the stop codon 5 UAA 3. Courses. However, in the brain, the exact same transcript is cleaved after the sixth exon yielding calcitonin-gene-related peptide. A key modification in the 3 end of eukaryotic mRNA is the addition of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides, forming a poly(A) tail. Select one: a. RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. A site of negative genetic regulation where binding by repressor blocks transcription is the. Which of the following genes might she explore as a possible site of the mutation that results in this phenotype? Eukaryotic transcription is carried out in the nucleus of the cell and proceeds in three sequential stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. SURVEY . A partial diploid E. coli cell of lacI+ lacP- lacOc lacI+ lacY+ / lacIs lacP+lacO+ lacZ+ lacY- will synthesize: There are enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that attach tRNAs to the appropriate amino acid. A promoter that affects only genes that are on the same piece of DNA is referred to as a(n) _____-acting promoter. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the facts about introns and exons? If a splice site were mutated so that splicing did not take place, what would be the effect. Which of the following answers would BEST explain this apparent discrepancy? A) CUU. E) The transcription may not terminate and result in much longer RNA. Which of the following would be seen MOST immediately in this organism? You focus your design around a binding site called an operator that is associated with the promotor. Suppose an organism ingests a drug that disassembles its spliceosomes, rendering them nonfunctional. One of the DNA-binding motifs in many eukaryotic organisms that contains a nearly identical sequence of 60 amino acids is known as the, . Over time, DNA replaced RNA as the primary carrier of genetic information, and the chemical stability of DNA is believed to be the key reason for this. Which attribute of DNA is the reason behind its chemical stability? Which of the following rRNA components originates from a separate gene transcript rather than as a cleaved product of a long single precursor rRNA transcript? The DNA replication enzyme that most closely resembles RNA polymerase is: Both strands of a DNA molecule are used as a template when which of the following molecules is synthesized? Which class of RNA is MOST abundant in cells? In some organisms, the primary function of a gene in a cell is to participate in regulating the body as a whole rather than responding to the cell's immediate environment. What tRNA anticodon will bind to it? Replication is initiated when a sequence-specific endonuclease cleaves one strand at the origin, producing 3′-OH and 5′-phosphate termini. The inhibited helicase activity leads to the inhibition of transcription. 5.) Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a … This plasmid is placed in an E. coli cell, which has a normal copy of the lac operon in its chromosome. What is a possible explanation for the difference in the sizes of the gene and the mRNA? Eukaryotes require transcription factors to first bind to the promoter region and then help recruit the appropriate polymerase. Which of the following statements is NOT true? The pre-mRNA transcript from this gene can generate either calcitonin or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in a tissue-specific manner. During the posttranscriptional processing of pre-mRNA, a 5 cap is added to an mRNA. Which of the following statements describes the "wobble" rules CORRECTLY? Below is a list of steps of intron removal and splicing during pre-mRNA processing. Which of the following statements concerning the concept of colinearity is INCORRECT? The factor controlling these processes is RNA polymerase in transcription and ribosomes in translation. Into a eukaryotic cell, she inserts an miRNA that is complementary to a portion of the XYZ mRNA found in the cell. SURVEY . What would happen to the lac operon in the absence of allolactose? Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the termination of transcription? Which of the following statements about DNA-binding proteins is NOT true? The TATA-binding protein (TBP) binds to the TATA box sequence in eukaryotic promoters. The region of unwinding is called a transcription bubble. In most cases, promoters exist upstream of the genes they regulate. Read this article to learn about the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells. (The lac repressor can bind to single operator regions.) The _____ is a type of regulator protein that binds to a region of DNA in the promoter of a gene called the operator and prevents transcription from taking place. B. RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and also must be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed. What is one possible problem? Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for this difference? Which of the following is a sequence of DNA where transcription is initiated? The 5’ Cap increases the stability of the pre-mRNA and the mRNA. The type of control illustrated is: An operon is controlled by a repressor. Suppose that you perform an experiment where you construct a plasmid that carries a copy of the lac operator region (lacO) but no other part of the lac operon. Below is a list of steps in the processing of ribosomal RNAs. The trp operon in E. coli contains a 5 UTR sequence that is translated into a small polypeptide of 14 amino acids, which includes two tryptophans. This control of gene regulation is a result of, You lead a research team challenged with the task of creating a regulatory protein able to shut off transcription. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the DNA strands. In eukaryotes, which RNA polymerase transcribes the genes that encode proteins? The maintenance of a constant environment in a cell is called __________. Mutations in which of the following regions upstream of the RNA coding sequence are LEAST likely to affect the transcription of a gene? Assume that a mutation occurs in the promoter for the lacI regulatory gene and this mutation results in a tenfold increase in the transcription of lacI. In prokaryotes, rho-independent transcription termination depends on a secondary structure formed in: An in vitro transcription system that contains a bacterial gene initiates transcription from random points on the DNA. Which of the following statements about proteins is INCORRECT? Which of the following statements does NOT describe the events in prokaryotic translation elongation? A partial diploid E. coli cell of lacI+lacP+lacOc lacZ-lacY-/ lacI- lacP+ lacO+lacZ-lacY+ genotype will synthesize: In the presence of both lactose and glucose, which of the following occurs with the E. coli lac operon? If the two trp codons in the 5 UTR of the RNA are changed to serine codons and the resulting cells are starved for tryptophan but not for any other amino acid, what will be the effect of the mutant codons on the operation of the trp operon? One type, called micro RNA (miRNA), acts by binding directly to, The lac operon regulatory system is important to bacteria primarily because lactose. The lac operon represents a classic example of how the environment creates a genetic response. Which of the following is NOT required for transcription? RNA molecules may also function as enzymes. Whereas the nucleotide strand used for transcription is termed the _____, the nontranscribed strand is called the _____. To initiate the transcription process in a cell's nucleus, DNA double helices are unwound and hydrogen bonds connecting compatible nucleic acids of DNA are broken to produce two unconnected single DNA strands. It is active enough for the strain that carries it to be viable but is much less active than that of wild-type cells. Which of the following statements about regulation of gene expression is CORRECT? transcription initiation complex. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding TFIID? What result would you predict? The RNA-Polymerase continues to synthesize the pre-mRNA. In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed (copied out) to make an RNA molecule. D) The RNA transcript may not be able to dissociate from the DNA template. A) mRNA. It is possible for a repressor to negatively regulate the expression of an operon because: A mutant E. coli strain, grown under conditions that normally induce the lac operon, produces particularly high amounts of ß-galactosidase. Tags: Question 18 . (Central Dogma) answer choices . _____ probably began the evolution of life on Earth. What would be the MOST likely effect of mutating the consensus sequence found at the 5' splice site of an intron? Module 2: Transcription Part I: From DNA sequence to transcription unit Maria S. Santisteban Objectives • Describe how a primary transcript (pre-mRNA) can be synthesized using a DNA molecule as the template. RNA molecules that are complementary to particular sequences on mRNA are called: Which of the following facts about riboswitches is INCORRECT? A tRNA anticodon is 5 GCU 3. Which of the following statements about bacterial mRNA transcripts is TRUE? In order for transcription to be initiated A. DNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. Key points: Transcription is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule. In transcription, this polymerase moves over the template strand of DNA, while in translation, the … Which molecule allows the release of mRNA from a stalled ribosome? Components (in their order in the genome) What would be the expected effect of this mutation on attenuation in the trp operon? We now know that _____ and _____ allow a single gene to encode more than one polypeptide. A. DNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and also must be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. The most common DNA-binding motif is the, A protein that regulates transcription by binding to the operator is known as the, A protein that initiates gene transcription and allows for non-glucose molecules to be used is, A cluster of functionally-related genes that are regulated together and encoded into a single mRNA molecule is called a(n), . Once transcription has initiated, RNA polymerase transcribes until it reaches the end of the chromosome. The first one contained amino acids from exons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, while the second one only contained amino acids from exons from 1, 2, and 3. Which of the following statements about the formation of the peptide bond between amino acids is INCORRECT? In order for translation to occur: A. 60 seconds . The following steps occur, in order, for transcription initiation: RNA polymerase (RNAP) binds to one of several specificity factors, σ, to form a holoenzyme. C) The transcription may be delayed. Q. The sequence 5 ...GGAGCUCGUUGUAUU... 3 is changed to 5... GGAGACUCGUUGUAUU... 3. Codons that specify the same amino acid are said to be: The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is referred to as the _____ sequence of the polypeptide. The 5’ Cap is usually a modified guanine molecule. Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase. Initiation is the beginning of transcription. To ensure the best experience, please update your browser. The 5ʹ cap in an mRNA plays a role in translation initiation. Which of the following DNA-binding motifs are composed of three alpha helices? B) The transcription may not be initiated at all. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. In a transcription reaction, two phosphate groups are cleaved from the incoming: What types of bonds are created between nucleotides during the process of transcription? Which of the following regulatory RNA types is different from the rest in terms of its length? Which of the following is observed in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes? Which of the following molecules is made of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds that connect the 2 OH to the 5 phosphate? The operon is never expressed if a mutation prevents the repressor from binding to the small molecule. Which of the following elements would NOT be found in an mRNA molecule? A bacterial protein is encoded by the following mRNA sequence: 5-AUGGUGCUCAUGCCCTAA-3. The 5 cap on an mRNA is important for all the processes listed below except for the _____ of an mRNA molecule. What is the expected phenotype of such a strain in the absence of glucose? For long-range silencers, it has been observed that the DNA will form a loop in order to bring the silencer closer to the promoter and loop out the interfering DNA. Which of the following RNA molecules is required for the process of translation? In the absence of tryptophan, what happens to the genes within the trp operon? The sequence below represents a pre-mRNA. Transcriptional activation of proapoptotic genes play an important role to initiate cell death during animal development or in response to cytotoxic stress. What is the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein? The polymerase that synthesizes which of the following molecules uses DNA as a template and synthesizes new strands from 5 to 3? When codons that code for the same amino acid differ in their _____, a single tRNA might bind both of them through wobble base pairing. Proteins with DNA-binding motifs predominantly bind to the _____ of DNA. During animal development, the sensitivity of cells to intra- and extracellular stress-induced cell death … What amino acid does it carry? If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. A scientist is studying a gene known as the XYZ gene in eukaryotes. How many introns are present on a gene that consists of four exons? Which of the following molecules is synthesized using triphosphate nucleotides as a substrate for a polymerase enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds? Which of the following represents the sequence of the spliced mRNA that would result from this pre-mRNA sequence? When a structural gene is under negative inducible control, what would be the result of a mutation that eliminates the repressor protein? Which of the following statements about translation is CORRECT? Into a bacterial cell, she inserts an miRNA that is complementary to a portion of the ABC mRNA found in the cell. What would be the effect on the amino acid sequence? Which amino acid is coded by the stop codons in most organisms? In this case, lactose is serving as a carbon source and as a(n), The lactose analog isopropyl-b-D-thio-galactoside (IPTG) is often used to regulate gene expression systems in bacteria. The 5′ terminus is displaced from the circle as the intact template strand turns about its axis. What is one possible problem? Choose the BEST consensus sequence for the following set of nucleotide sequences. A mutant E. coli strain, grown under conditions that normally induce the lac operon, does not produce ß-galactosidase. Why does or why doesn't the amino acid sequence change? Generally, the transcribed region accounts for more than … Tags: Question 17 . An in vitro transcription system transcribes a bacterial gene but terminates inefficiently. Prokaryotic promoters contain the sequence TATAAT at a position _____ from the transcription start. C. DNA polymerase must have access to the RNA and also must be capable of binding to … A) yes, mRNA is made from a DNA template and should be the same length as the gene sequence. During elongation, an incoming charged tRNA enters at the _____ site of the ribosome. What effect will this mutation be expected to have on the regulation of this mutant trp operon compared to a wild-type operon? A mutant E. coli strain is found that synthesizes -galactosidase in the absence of glucose whether or not lactose is present. The basic tool of genetic regulation is the ability of certain proteins to bind to specific, In vertebrates, DNA methylation - the addition of a methyl group to DNA nucleotides - ensures that, You belong to a pharmaceutical company that designs small RNAs, able to control expression of genes that cause chronic illness. Once RNA is transcribed, it must be processed to create a mature RNA that is ready to be translated. Within its core a nucleosome contains ____ histones. In eukaryotic cells, where does the basal transcription apparatus bind? 24) In order for translation to occur A) B) C) D) E) the nuclear membrane must dissolve. The DNA sequence onto which the proteins and enzymes involved in transcription bind to initiate the process is called a promoter. What effect will this deletion be expected to have on the regulation of this mutant trp operon compared to a wild-type operon? β-galactosidase). Calcitonin produced from the thyroid gland is 32 amino acids long and functions to regulate the calcium while CGRP, which contains 37 amino acids, is produced by the brain cells and involved in transmission of pain. Which one of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription is NOT true? What is the function of general transcription factors? Which of the following intron types requires spliceosomes for removal? The calcitonin gene can encode either the hormone calcitonin or a protein called calcitonin-gene-related peptide depending on which 3 cleavage site is used. Transcription must be occurring simultaneously B. Which of the following is found in the primary product of transcription but not in a mature mRNA molecule? The 5’ end of the pre-mRNA receives a 5’ Cap. For any sequence of nucleotides, how many reading frames are possible? The enzyme contains five subunits (α, β, β’, ω) and it binds to the sigma factor and the promoter region, and then initiate the transcription by completing the holoenzyme. Which of the following could be a plausible mechanism by which a 5ʹ cap could enhance initiation? Suppose a mutation occurred that prevented a eukaryotic pre-mRNA from receiving a 5ʹ cap. Post-transcriptional regulation can occur at any stage after transcription, including RNA splicing, nuclear shuttling, and RNA stability. The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the end result is a strand of mRNA that is complementary to a single strand of DNA. Which of the following statements about protein folding and posttranslational modifications of proteins is CORRECT? Which of the following intron types is present only in eukaryotes? Which of the following is generally constitutively transcribed? A mutation occurs in the trp operon DNA of E. coli and results in the change to the two UGG tryptophan codons in the 5 UTR of the RNA to UAG stop codons. They do so either alone or in association with proteins. IPTG does not act as a substrate for b-galactosidase, but can bind to, and inactivate, the repressor. Q. . A drug that destroyed small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) would inhibit which process? Although promoters vary among prokaryotic genomes, a few elements are … The information needed during RNA editing comes MOST directly from: Scientists once believed that each gene can encode a single polypeptide. What two mutations might lead to this outcome? When a structural gene is under positive inducible control, what would be the result of a mutation that eliminates the activator protein? Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes has some similarities but differs in important ways. What would likely be the consequence of this mutation? Which of the following spliceosomal components specifically recognizes and binds to the branch point of the intron during pre-mRNA splicing? . In which of the following organisms would transcription be the LEAST similar to archaea? Which of the following types of eukaryotic gene regulation takes place at the level of DNA? siRNAs and miRNAs function in which of the following processes? TATA Box. When studying a plant's protein production, a scientist found two different proteins. Which of the following observations supports the notion that the gene is simply a set of DNA sequences that are transcribed into a single RNA molecule that encodes a single polypeptide? Search. A. DNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding … What is a possible genotype of the cells? In multicellular organisms, the mechanism most directly responsible for directing development and maintaining homeostasis is gene, Eukaryotic cell mRNA transcripts can remain in the cell for hours because they are, As a microbiologist you have been asked to investigate gene regulation in a new bacteria. This cluster of genes is referred to as the, The proteins necessary for the use of lactose in E. coli are collectively called the, A defining characteristic of eukaryotic organisms is that they, The primary transcripts in eukaryotes are most accurately described as, . The Transcription and Translation Process Chapter Exam Take this practice test to check your existing knowledge of the course material. b) Functional protein appears. Which of the following classes of RNAs is unique to eukaryotes? These organisms would be. Given what is known about bacteria, the logical place to begin your investigation is, Transcriptional control-proteins increase the rate of transcription by binding to, You have been asked to design a synthetic DNA motif, able to bind proteins to regulate specific genes. Transcribed Image Textfrom this Question. Silencers also target helicase sites in the DNA that are rich in adenine and thymine (AT) and prone to unwinding the DNA, allowing room to initiate transcription. Eukaryotic transcription is carried out in the nucleus of the cell and proceeds in three sequential stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. In particular, P53-mediated induction of proapoptotic genes serves as a major tumor suppression mechanism in eliminating genetically compromised cells. In prokaryotes, a group of genes that are usually transcribed following a specific stimulus is organized as an "operon" under a single shared promoter. Thus, the transcription initiates directly. During initiation, the _____ subunit is the first part of the ribosome to associate with the mRNA. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene. The nucleotide sequence 5 ...GGAGCUCGUUGUAUU... 3 is changed to 5 GGAGACUCGUUGUAUU 3. When the repressor binds to a small molecule, it binds to DNA near the operon. 60 seconds . Both processes occur in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes. The operon is constitutively expressed if a mutation prevents the repressor from binding to the small molecule. Which of the following nitrogenous bases is frequently modified enzymatically to become a rare type of nitrogenous base in tRNA? Please select the choice that lists the steps in the CORRECT sequential order. B) yes, the mRNA should contain more bases than the DNA sequence because bases flanking the gene are also transcribed. Donate Login Sign up. The specific sequence of a promoter is … Which of the following mRNA codons will bind to the tRNA anticodon 5 GCU 3, considering wobble-base pairing rules. Description: A transcriptional unit of genes for enzymes involved in lactose metabolism that is only expressed in the presence of lactose (e.g. Which of the following is NOT a function of the poly(A) tail? These shapes are called, Small RNAs can regulate gene expression. This involves the removal of introns that do not code for protein. RNA to DNA to protein. Assume that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that attaches tryptophan to its tRNA in an E. coli mutant strain is only partially active. RNA molecules have various functions in the cell. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding transcription in most organisms? What is the function of eukaryotic RNA polymerase I? Which of the following molecules is synthesized using nucleotides containing the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil? (Select all that apply.). Steps of Transcription Initiation. The normal CFTR gene comprises approximately 190,000 nucleotides and produces an mRNA of 6128 nucleotides in length. What is the similarity between miRNAs, siRNAs, and piRNAs? Yet this mutation did not result in any lethal phenotype. When this strain is grown, the number of plasmids reaches about 50 copies per bacterial cell. In order for transcription to be initiated, O RNA ligase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be able to bind to the gene's promoter DNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must be able to bind to the gene's promoter. This is commonly … Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Eukaryotes require transcription factors to first bind to the promoter region and then help recruit the appropriate polymerase. The location on this motif that you would necessarily design for protein binding is the, Vertebrate cells possess a protein that binds to clusters of 5-methylcytosine and ensures the gene will stay in the "off" position. When the repressor binds to a small molecule, it is released from binding to DNA near the operon. Transcription occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotic organisms, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum. What is its function in transcriptional initiation? Which of the following features of the rho protein is primarily responsible for its ability to cause termination of transcription?
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